114 : in case

   A   

Study this example situation:

 

Your car should have a spare wheel because it is possible you will have a puncture.

 

Your car should have a spare wheel in case you have a puncture.

 

In case you have a puncture = because it is possible you will have a puncture.

 

Some more examples of in case:

• I'll leave my mobile phone switched on in case Jane calls. (= because it is possible she will call)
• I'll draw a map for you in case you have problems finding our house. (= because it is possible you will have problems)
• I'll remind them about the meeting in case they've forgotten. (= because it is possible they have forgotten)

 

We use just in case for a smaller possibility:

• I don't think it will rain, but I'll take an umbrella just in case. (= just in case it rains)

 

Do not use will after in case. Use a present tense for the future (see Unit 25):

• I'll leave my phone switched on in case Jane calls. (not in case Jane will call)

 

 

   B   

In case is not the same as if. We use in case to say why somebody does (or doesn't do) something. You do something now in case something happens later.

 

Compare:

in case	if
We'll buy some more food in case Tom comes. (= Maybe Tom wilt come. We'll buy some more food now, whether he comes or not; then we'll already have the food if he comes.)	We'll buy some more food if Tom comes. (= Maybe Tom will come. If he comes, we'll buy some more food; if he doesn't come, we won't buy any more food.)
I'll give you my phone number in case you need to contact me.	You can call me on this number if you need to contact me.
You should insure your bike in case it is stolen.	You should inform the police if your bike is stolen.

 

 

   C   

You can use in case + past to say why somebody did something:

• I left my phone switched on in case Jane called. (= because it was possible that Jane would call)
• I drew a map for Sarah in case she had problems finding the house.
• We rang the doorbell again in case they hadn't heard it the first time.

 

 

   D   

In case of is not the same as in case. 

In case of ... = if there is ... (especially on notices etc.):

• In case of fire, please leave the building as quickly as possible. (= if there is a fire)
• In case of emergency, call this number. (= if there is an emergency)

 

 

 

※ spare :

 

 

spare : 여분의, 남는

• He's studying music in his spare time.
• I haven't had a spare moment this morning.

• We've got a spare bedroom, if you'd like to stay.
• I'm afraid I haven't got any spare cash.
• Are there any tickets going spare (= are there any available, not being used by somebody else)?
• a spare key/tyre
• Take some spare clothes in case you get wet.

 

 

 

※ extra :

 

 

extra : 넘어서는, 초과의 (더 많은) // extra(=outside)

more than is usual, expected, or than exists already

• extra money/cash/funding
• Breakfast is provided at no extra charge.
• The rate for a room is £60, but breakfast is extra.
• Employees are expected to put in extra hours without pay.
• The DVD comes with lots of extra features.
• extra help for single parents
• a diet that can help you lose that extra weight
• The conference is going to be a lot of extra work.
• The government has promised an extra £1 billion for healthcare.
• Take extra care on the roads this evening.

 

 

spare vs extra

 

: spare 와 extra 가 동의어라고 막 갖다 외울 일이 아니다.

때때로 비슷한 의미로 통할 때도 있지만, 두 단어는 엄연히 가지고 있는 뉘앙스가 다르며, 어떤 경우에는 정 반대의 의미를 가지기도 한다.

 

extra money 의 경우, 다 쓰고 남은 돈(spare money)이란 뜻인지... 아니면, 초과 지출 비용을 의미하는 건지 잘 모르겠다.

나중에 관련 예문(문맥)을 만나게 되면 관심 있게 살펴보기로 하자.

 

 

 

※ puncture :

 

 

puncture :  a small hole  //  punct(=point) + ure

 

 

 

※ punctual : 

 

 

punctual : 시간을 잘 지키는 (시간 포인트를 잘 잡는 ) // punct(=point) + ual

happening or doing something at the arranged or correct time; not late

• She has been reliable and punctual.
• a punctual start at 9 o’clock
• Always be punctual for an interview.
• Punctual attendance at all classes is required.

 

 

 

※ punctuate : 

 

 

punctuate : 구두점을 찍다. (중간중간 멈추다. 포인트를 찍다.)  // punct(=point) + ate

 

punctuate something (with something)

• Her speech was punctuated by bursts of applause.
• He punctuates his conversation with snatches of song. (이 표현 종종 보인다.)

 

 

 

※ snatch : 

 

 

snatch : (휙) 잡아채다 (낚아채다)

• snatch something (+ adv./prep.) She managed to snatch the gun from his hand.
• Gordon snatched up his jacket and left the room.
• (+ adv./prep.) Hey, you kids! Don't all snatch!

 

snatch somebody/something (from somebody/something)

• The raiders snatched $100 from the cash register. // raid : 급습하다.
• The baby was snatched from its parents' car.
• Someone tried to snatch her purse.
• I managed to snatch an hour's sleep.
• The team snatched a dramatic victory in the last minute of the game.

 

 

 

※ grab :

 

 

grab : (확 혹은 꽉) 움켜쥐다

to take or hold somebody/something with your hand suddenly or roughly

• grab somebody/something She grabbed his arm as he got up to leave.
• She grabbed the child's hand and ran.
• He grabbed hold of me and wouldn't let go.
• He grabbed her around the throat and squeezed. // 목 조르다?
• Someone grabbed me from behind.
• grab somebody/something by something He grabbed Tom by the collar and dragged him outside.
• grab something from somebody/something Jim grabbed a cake from the plate.
• Don't grab—there's plenty for everyone.

 

 

 

※ seize :

 

 

seize : (포괄적) 확(꽉) 붙잡다, 손아귀에 넣다 (거머쥐다, 장악하다, 압류하다)

• seize something from somebody She tried to seize the gun from him.
• seize somebody/something He seized her by the arm.
• She seized hold of my hand.

• They seized the airport in a surprise attack.
• The army has seized control of the country.
• He seized power in a military coup.

• The men were seized as they left the building.
• Terrorists have seized five hostages.

• A large quantity of drugs was seized during the raid.
• We have the legal right to seize his property.
• The party seized the initiative with both hands (= quickly and with enthusiasm).
• She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.

 

 

 

※ initiative :

 

 

initiative : 첫 발을 내딛는 것 (새로운 계획, 주도성, 주도권)

• a United Nations peace initiative
• Most policy initiatives come from the White House.
• to launch an initiative
• The money was intended to support initiatives in bilingual education.
•  initiative to do something new initiatives to improve animal welfare
• a government initiative to combat unemployment
•  initiative by somebody/something a joint initiative by the Scottish and UK governments
•  initiative for something an initiative for peace and human rights

• He said I was lazy and had no initiative. (주도적이지 않음)
• You won't get much help. You'll have to use your initiative. 
• She needs to show more initiative if she wants to succeed.
• Too much bureaucracy represses creativity and initiative. // bureaucracy : 관료주의, 관청의 번거로운 절차
• She did it on her own initiative (= without anyone telling her to do it). // 누가 하라고 하기 전에 알아서 시작하는 것
• to seize/regain the initiative (주도권)
• It was up to the US to take the initiative in repairing relations.

 

 

 

※ initiate :

 

initiate : 첫 발을 내딛게 하다.

 

initiate something

• to initiate legal proceedings against somebody
• The government has initiated a programme of economic reform.

 

initiate somebody (into something)

• Many of them had been initiated into drug use at an early age.
• His uncle initiated him into the pleasures of sailing.

 

 

 

※ initial : 

 

initial : 첫 발의 (처음의) / 첫 글자/ 첫 글자를 쓰다

happening at the beginning; first

• There is an initial payment of £60 followed by ten instalments of £25.
• The government will make an initial investment of $ 4.7 billion in the company.
• in the initial stages (= at the beginning) of the campaign
• an initial phase/period
• an initial assessment/investigation/report
• My initial reaction was to decline the offer.
• Her initial response was one of anger.

 

 

 

※ ensure, assure, insure, guarantee :

 

ensure : 확실하게 하다. (en + sure)

to make sure that something happens or is definite

• ensure something We are working to ensure the safety of people in the city.
• The book ensured his success.
• We must take steps now to ensure the survival of these animals.
• ensure somebody something Victory ensured them a place in the final.
• The system ensures all children equal access to education.
• ensure something for somebody The system ensures equal access to education for all children. (동등한 접근)
• ensure (that)… The government needs to ensure (that) workers' rights are respected.
• Rent rises were limited in order to ensure that housing remained affordable.

 

 

assure : 보장하다. (a + sure) (a=to)  

to tell somebody that something is definitely true or is definitely going to happen, especially when they have doubts about it

• assure somebody (that)… You think I did it deliberately, but I assure you (that) I did not.
• Let me assure you that I will try to help you.
• We were assured that everything possible was being done.
• She's perfectly safe, I can assure you.
• assure somebody (of something) We assured him of our support.
• I won’t let you down, I can assure you of that.
• assure somebody + speech ‘He'll come back,’ Susan assured her.
• assure yourself of something He assured himself of her safety.
• assure yourself that… She assured herself that the letter was still in the drawer. (영어권에서는 굳이 이런 표현을 쓰는구나... 그냥 확신했다고 하면 안되나?)

• assure something Victory would assure a place in the finals. (여기서부터는 마치 ensure 처럼 쓰이고 있다.)
• assure somebody something Victory would assure them a place in the finals. (이것도 관용적인 표현인 듯)
• This achievement has assured her a place in the history books.

 

 

insure : 보험에 들다. (in + sure)

to buy insurance so that you will receive money if your property, car, etc. gets damaged or stolen, or if you get ill or die

• insure something/yourself (for something) The painting is insured for $1 million.
• insure something/yourself (against something) The car is insured against fire and theft.(절도)
• Luckily he had insured himself against long-term illness.
• (figurative) Having a lot of children is a way of insuring themselves against loneliness in old age.
• insure against something We strongly recommend insuring against sickness or injury.

 

 

guarantee : 보증하다. 

to promise to do something; to promise something will happen

• guarantee something Basic human rights, including freedom of speech, are now guaranteed.
• They told aid workers to leave, saying they could not guarantee their safety.
• I personally guarantee total and immediate support in all measures undertaken. (모든 면에서? 모든 조치를 강구해서?)
• guarantee (that)… We cannot guarantee (that) our flights will never be delayed.
• guarantee somebody something The ticket will guarantee you free entry.
• guarantee to do something We guarantee to deliver your goods within a week.

 

 

 

※ aid workers :