131 : Adjective + preposition 2

   A   

Adjective + of (1)

 

 

afraid / frightened / scared / terrified OF ...

• 'Are you afraid of spiders?'   'Yes, I'm terrified of them.'

 

 

fond / proud / ashamed / jealous / envious OF ...

• Why are you always so jealous of other people?

 

 

suspicious / critical / tolerant OF ...

• He didn't trust me. He was suspicious of my motives.

 

 

   B   

Adjective + of (2)

 

 

aware / conscious OF ...

• 'Did you know he was married?'   'No, I wasn't aware of that.'

 

 

capable / incapable OF ...

• I'm sure you are capable of passing the examination.

 

 

full / short OF ...

• Amy is a very active person. She's always full of energy.
• I'm short of money. Can you lend me some?

 

 

typical OF ...

• He's late again. It's typical of him to keep everybody waiting.

 

 

certain / sure OF or ABOUT ...

• I think she's arriving this evening, but I'm not sure of that. or ... not sure about that.

 

 

   C   

Adjective + at / to / from / in / on / with / for

 

 

good / bad / brilliant / better / hopeless etc. AT ...

• I'm not very good at repairing things. (not good in repairing things)

 

 

married / engaged TO ...

• Louise is married to an American. (not married with)  but
  Louise is married with three children. (= she is married and has three children)

 

 

similar TO ...

• Your writing is similar to mine.

 

 

different FROM or different TO ...

• The film was different from what I'd expected. or ... different to what I'd expected.

 

 

interested IN ...

• Are you interested in art?

 

 

keen ON ...

• We stayed at home because Chris wasn't very keen on going out.

 

 

dependent ON ... (but  independent OF ... )

• I don't want to be dependent on anybody.

 

 

crowded WITH (people etc.)

• The streets were crowded with tourists. (but ... full of tourists)

 

 

famous FOR ...

• The Italian city of Florence is famous for its art treasures.

 

 

responsible FOR ...

• Who was responsible for all that noise last night?

 

 

 

 

 (American English -> Appendix 7) 

 

131C

BRITISH different from or different to: It was different from/to what I'd expected.

AMERICAN different from or different than: It was different from/than what I'd expected.

 

 

 

 

※ afraid : 

 

: 두려운

• Don't be afraid.
• afraid of somebody/something It's all over. There's nothing to be afraid of now.
• He had always been afraid of death.
• They know I'm afraid of heights.
• Are you afraid of spiders?
• afraid of doing something I started to feel afraid of going out alone at night.
• afraid to do something She was afraid to open the door.
• afraid (that…) We were afraid (that) we were going to capsize the boat. (전복시키다, 전복되다)

 

I’m afraid  (= I'm sorry about) : 유감스러운

• I can't help you, I'm afraid.
• I'm afraid we can't come.
• I'm afraid that it's not finished yet.
• He's no better, I'm afraid to say.
• ‘Is there any left?’ ‘I'm afraid not.’
• ‘Will it hurt?’ ‘I'm afraid so.’

 

 

 

※ frighten(=scare), alarm << terrify 

 

frighten : to make somebody feel afraid, often suddenly:

• He brought out a gun and frightened them off.

 

scare : to make somebody feel afraid:

• They managed to scare the bears away.

 

frighten or scare?

Scare is slightly more informal than frighten.

 

 

alarm : to make somebody anxious or afraid:

• It alarms me that nobody takes this problem seriously.

 

Alarm is used when somebody has a feeling that something unpleasant or dangerous might happen in the future; the feeling is often more one of worry than actual fear.

 

 

terrify : to make somebody feel extremely afraid:

• Flying terrified her.

 

 

Patterns

• to frighten/​scare somebody/​something away/​off
• to frighten/​scare/​terrify somebody into doing something
• It frightens/​scares/​alarms/​terrifies me that…
• It frightens/​scares/​alarms/​terrifies me to think, see, etc.

 

 

 

※ anxious, nervous :

 

 

anxious : 온통 신경쓰이는 (불안한 / 간절히 원하는)

 

1. feeling worried or nervous

• The bus was late and Sue began to get anxious.
• anxious about something I felt very anxious and depressed about the future.
• He seemed anxious about the meeting.
• anxious for somebody Parents are naturally anxious for their children.
• The family faces another anxious wait for news.
• There were a few anxious moments in the baseball game.
• an anxious look/face/expression

 

2. wanting something very much

• anxious to do something She was anxious to finish school and get a job.
• He was anxious not to be misunderstood.
• anxious for something There are plenty of graduates anxious for work.
• anxious for somebody to do something I'm anxious for her to do as little as possible.
• anxious that… She was anxious that he should meet her father.

 

(참고) anxious 는 원래 choke(질식시키다) 에서 유래된 말이라고 한다. 따라서, 뭔가에 온통 신경이 집중되어 숨을 몰아쉬는 모습을 떠올려 볼 수 있겠다.

이와 함께 내가 연상기법으로 활용하고 있는 것이 있는데, 바로 anxious 를 anchor 와 연관지어 기억하는 것이다.

(발음이 비슷하고, 어떤 생각에 붙잡혀 벗어나지 못하는 상황과 유사함)

 

단어를 이미지로 기억하면 독해속도를 높일 수 있다.

 

nervous : 신경성의(신경과민의) 

 

 

 

※ fond :

 

 

fond : 애정있는 (정이 쌓인) // 단순히 좋아하는 게 아니라, 오랫동안 정이 쌓였음을 의미함

• Over the years, I have grown quite fond of her.
• I’ve always been very fond of your mother.
• fond of music/cooking
• We had grown fond of the house and didn't want to leave.
• a fond look/embrace/farewell (embrace : 껴안음)
• She waved a fond farewell to her parents and sister.
• I have very fond memories of my time in Spain (= I remember it with affection and pleasure).

 

 

 

※ jealous, jealousy :

 

jealous : 질투하는

• a jealous wife/husband
• He's only talking to her to make you jealous.
• She's jealous of my success.
• Children often feel jealous when a new baby arrives.

 

jealousy : 질투

 

 

 

※ envy, envious :

 

envious : 부러워하는

• Everyone is so envious of her.
• They were envious of his success.
• He saw the envious look in the other boy's eyes.

 

envy : 부러움 / 부러워하다

 

 

 

※ a shame, shame, ashamed

 

 

 

※ critical :

 

 

 

critical : 비판적인(비평적인) / 결정적인 = crucial (cruc : cross)

 

1. 비판적인(비평적인)  // (관련 어휘) critic, criticism, criticize

• You should just ignore any critical comments.
• The supervisor is always very critical.
• critical of somebody/something Some parents are highly critical of the school.
• Students are encouraged to develop critical thinking instead of accepting opinions without questioning them.
• His latest film attracted enthusiastic critical comment from cinema-goers. (cinema 에 가는 사람 go+er)
• Mike studied the canvas with a critical eye. (캔버스 천 혹은 도화지)

 

2. 결정적인 = crucial  // (관련 어휘) crisis(위기)

• Industry leaders are working together to address this critical issue.
• a critical factor in the election campaign
• The kidneys play a critical role in overall health. (kidney : 신장, 콩팥)
• Reducing levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is of critical importance. (이산화탄소)
• Emails and spreadsheets contain a lot of business-critical information.
• critical to something Your decision is critical to our future.
• critical for something Timing is critical for success.
• One of the victims of the fire remains in a critical condition.
• The first 24 hours after the operation are the most critical.
• a critical care ward
• This is a critical moment in our country's history.
• He's at a critical point in his life.
• a critical step in the process

 

 

 

※ ward :

 

 

 

 

※ motive :

 

motive (for something) : 동기 (a reason for doing something)

• There seemed to be no motive for the murder.
• I'm suspicious of his motives.
• the profit motive (= the desire to make a profit)
• I have an ulterior motive in offering to help you. (숨은 동기)

 

ulterior /ʌlˈtɪriər/ 는 ulterior motive 의 형태로만 쓰인다. 이 단어와 가장 가까운 단어가 ultimate 이 아닐까 싶다.

• She must have some ulterior motive for being nice to me—what does she really want?

 

ultimate : 궁극적인 (근본적인, 마지막까지 가는, 최후의, 최고의)

ultimately : 궁극적으로

 

 

 

※ direct, direction, director :

 

 

 

 

※ address :

 

address :  ad(=to) + dress(=direct) // 기본적으로 '똑바로 향하다' 의 뜻을 가짐

 

1. (어떤 문제를) 다루다 (관용적인 표현들임, 콜로케이션에 익숙해지는 방법 밖에 없음)

• address something Your essay does not address the real issues.
• to address a problem/concern/question
• The policy fails to address the needs of the poor.
• address yourself to something We must address ourselves to the problem of traffic pollution.

 

2. 주소를 쓰다

•  be addressed The letter was correctly addressed, but delivered to the wrong house.
•  address something (to somebody/something) Address your application to the General Manager.

 

3. 연설하다, 마주보고 말하다

• to address a meeting/conference
• The President has been asked to address the assembly.
• address somebody I was surprised when he addressed me in English.
• address something to somebody Any questions should be addressed to your teacher.
• The book is addressed to the general reader.

 

 

 

※ aware :

 

 

aware : 아는(인식하는)

(사전적 의미) : [not before noun] knowing or realizing something

 

여기서 knowing 은 일반적으로 쓰지 않는 표현이다. (Unit 4A)에 의하면 know 라는 동사는 진행형을 쓸 수 없다고 되어 있는데 사전에서 굳이 knowing 이라는 표현을 쓴 이유는, 그렇지 않고서는 aware를 설명할 방법이 없기 때문인 것으로 보여진다.

즉, aware 는 현재 뭔가에 대해 알고있는 상태를 의미한다. 다시 말해, be aware 와 know 는 정확히 같은 뜻이다. (I am aware of something = I know something)

 

한편 realizing 의 의미로 쓰이는 경우도 있다고 되어 있는데, 이건 그냥 무시해도 좋을 듯하다. 왜냐하면, 예문들을 쭈욱 살펴봤을 때  aware 단독으로 뭔가를 알아차린다는 의미로 쓰이는 경우는 없고, become, make 등의 단어와 결합되어야만 그런 의미가 생성되기 때문이다.(너무나 당연한 것임) (예문) 'become aware of ~' : 알게 되다.

• As you're aware, this is not a new problem.
• As far as I'm aware, nobody has done anything about it.
• acutely/painfully/keenly (= very) aware
• aware of something He was well aware of the problem.
• She slipped away without him being aware of it. // 그가 모르게(알지 못하는 상태로) 슬그머니 사라졌다(미끄러지듯 빠져나가다)

 

• They suddenly became aware of people looking at them.
• Everybody should be made aware of the risks involved.
• We're just making the public aware of the issue.

 

• I am fully aware of the fact that change needs time.
• I don't think people are really aware of just how much it costs.
• aware that… Were you aware that something was wrong?
• I was aware that she was trembling.

 

 

 

※ recognize :

 

 

 

끄덕~

 

응, 나 알고 있어.

 

인정한다.

 

recognize : 인정하다

 

 

 

 

 

 

끄덕끄덕~

 

흠... 맞는 거 같네. 

 

인정~  

 

 

 

1. 인지하다 (알아보다, 끄덕이다.) / I know who you are.

• recognize somebody/something I recognized him as soon as he came in the room.
• Do you recognize this tune? (곡, 선율)
• You might not recognize the name but you'll know her face.
• I recognized the voice immediately.
• recognize somebody/something by something I recognized her by her red hair.
• recognize somebody/something from something I recognized him from the photo in the paper.
• recognize somebody/something as something He recognized the man as one of the police officers.

 

2. 인정하다 (끄덕끄덕)

• recognize something They recognized the need to take the problem seriously.
• Most of us recognize the importance of diet.
• The government does recognize the value of the arts in this country.
• You must recognize the fact that the situation has changed.
• recognize something as something Drugs were not recognized as a problem then.
• recognize somebody/something to be/have something Drugs were not recognized to be a problem then.
• recognize how, what, etc… Nobody recognized how urgent the situation was.
• recognize that… We recognized that the task was not straightforward.
• it is recognized that… It is widely recognized that driver fatigue is a problem on motorways. (fatigue : 피로)
• It was recognized that this solution could only be temporary.

 

• recognize somebody/something The UK has refused to recognize the new regime. // [rei쥠:] 체제, 정권
• These qualifications are recognized throughout the EU.
• internationally recognized human rights
• The court explicitly recognized the group's right to exist. (explicit : 명백한)
• be recognized as somebody/something The organization has not been officially recognized as a trade union.
• Such crimes are recognized by international law as crimes against humanity. (인류, 인간성)
• be recognized to be/have something He is recognized to be their natural leader. (타고난 리더)

 

• The book is now recognized as a classic. // 그 책은 현재 고전으로 인정된다.
• She's a recognized authority on the subject. // 그녀는 그 주제에 있어 인정받는 권위자다.

 

 

 

※ notice :

 

 

notice : 알아차리다

• People were making fun of him but he didn't seem to notice.
• notice somebody/something The first thing I noticed about the room was the smell.
• I began to notice something strange.
• You can't fail to notice the poverty of the region.
• to barely/hardly/scarcely notice something
• Most people never notice these details.
• notice (that)… I couldn’t help noticing (that) she was wearing a wig. (가발)
• He won't even notice I'm gone.
• notice how, what, etc… Did you notice how Rachel kept looking at her watch?
• notice somebody/something do something I noticed them come in.
• notice somebody/something doing something I didn't notice him leaving.

 

 

 

※ conscious :

 

 

conscious : con + sci(=know) + ous, 의식하는, 의식적인 

(비슷한 어원) science : sci(=know) +ence

 

1. 의식하는

• conscious of something She's very conscious of the problems involved.
• I am conscious of the fact that there's a limit to what we can achieve here.
• conscious of doing something He became acutely conscious of having failed his parents. (fail somebody : 실망시키다)
• conscious that… I was vaguely conscious that I was being watched. (vague : 모호한)

• A patient who is not fully conscious should never be left alone.
• She remained conscious throughout the operation.

 

2. 의식적인 (deliberate; done in a careful way)

• a conscious choice
• to make a conscious decision
• I made a conscious effort to get there on time.
• a conscious act of cruelty

 

consciousness : 의식

 

conscience : 양심

conscientious : 양심적인  /ˌkɑːnʃiˈenʃəs/ 양심적으로 일하는 -> 성실한

 

 

 

※ aware, recognize, notice, conscious :

 

길을 걷다가 누군가 나를 미행하고 있음을 알아차렸다(noticed, became aware of). 비록 변장을 했지만, 그가 누군지 한 눈에 알아보았다(recognized, noticed). 그를 계속 의식하며(conscious) 걷던 중, 그의 추적으로부터 벗어나기 위해 의식적으로(consciously) 사람들이 많은 곳으로 파고 들었다.

 

 

 

※ keen :

 

 

keen : 열렬한 (= eager, enthusiastic)

• keen to do something John was very keen to help.
• keen for somebody/something to do something His father was keen for him to go to university.
• He is keen for the deal to proceed.
• keen that… We are keen that our school should get involved too.
• keen on doing something I wasn't too keen on going to the party.

• a keen sportsman/gardener
• one of the keenest supporters of the team
• She was a star pupil—keen, confident and bright.
• They've been on a few dates together and Naomi seems really keen.
• keen on somebody/something Tom's very keen on Anna. (Anna 에 대한 감정이 뜨겁다는 뜻임)
• He's particularly keen on football.
• Sally's quite keen on the idea.
• keen on doing something She's not keen on being told what to do.