129 : Noun + preposition (reason for, cause of etc.)

   A   

Noun + for ...

 

a demand / a need FOR ...

• The company closed down because there wasn't enough demand for its product.
• There's no excuse for behaviour like that. There's no need for it.

 

a reason FOR ...

• The train was late, but nobody knew the reason for the delay. (not reason of)

 

 

   B   

Noun + of...

 

an advantage / a disadvantage OF ...

• The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like.

 

but
there is an advantage in (or to) doing something

• There are many advantages in living alone. or ... many advantages to living alone.

 

a cause OF ...

• The cause of the explosion is unknown.

 

a picture / a photo / a photograph / a map / a plan / a drawing (etc.) OF ...

• Rachel showed me some pictures of her family.
• I had a map of the town, so I was able to find my way around.

 

 

   C   

Noun + in ...

 

an increase / a decrease / a rise / a fall IN (prices etc.)

• There has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently.
• Last year was a bad one for the company. There was a big fall in sales.

 

 

   D   

Noun + to...

 

damage TO ...

• The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the other car.

 

an invitation TO ... (a party / a wedding etc.)

• Did you get an invitation to the party?

 

a solution TO (a problem) / a key TO (a door) / an answer TO (a question) / a reply TO (a letter) / a reaction TO ...

• I hope we find a solution to the problem. (not a solution of the problem)
• I was surprised at her reaction to my suggestion.

 

an attitude TO ...  or  an attitude TOWARDS ...

• His attitude to his job is very negative.  or  His attitude towards his job ...

 

 

   E   

Noun + with ... / between ...

 

a relationship / a connection / contact WITH ...

• Do you have a good relationship with your parents?
• The police want to question a man in connection with the robbery.

 

but
a relationship / a connection / contact / a difference BETWEEN two things or people

• The police believe that there is no connection between the two crimes.
• There are some differences between British and American English.

 

 

 

※ cause : 

 

 

cause :  원인 (이유) / 야기하다

 

cause (of something)

• Unemployment is a major cause of poverty. (cause -> poverty)
• The report ignores the root cause of the problem.
• Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer.
• Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents.
• It was impossible to determine the cause of death.
• There was discussion about the fire and its likely cause.
• He died of natural causes.
• It is not easy to separate cause and effect in this situation.

 

cause for something 

• There is no cause for concern. (cause -> concern)
• The food was excellent—I had no cause for complaint.

 

 with/without cause 

• If your child is absent without good cause (= a good reason), you may receive a warning from the school board.

 

 

 

※ excuse : 

 

 

excuse : 변명하다, 용서하다 / 변명(핑계)

 

용서하다의 의미는 주로 'excuse me' 의 형태로 자신의 무례함이나 실수 등에 대해 용서를 구하는 경우가 대부분이고, 그 외에는 주로 변명하다의 뜻으로 쓰임

• Excuse me? [=pardon me?; I beg your pardon?] I didn't hear the last part of what you were saying. (이 경우는 상대방 말을 제대로 못 들었을 때 하는 표현)

 

• Late again! What's your excuse this time?
• I tried desperately to think of a good excuse. (desperate : 절박한)
• a lame/poor excuse
• a reasonable/valid excuse
• I know I missed the deadline, but I have an excuse.
• excuse for something There's no excuse for such behaviour.
• excuse for doing something His excuse for forgetting her birthday was that he had lost his diary.
• You don't have to make excuses for her (= try to think of reasons for her behaviour).
• It's late. I'm afraid I'll have to make my excuses (= say I'm sorry, give my reasons and leave).

 

• Eating ice cream for a sore throat isn't really a cure, but I like it, so any excuse!
• excuse for something It's just an excuse for a party.
• excuse for doing something Any occasion is a good excuse for having a barbecue.
• excuse to do something It gave me an excuse to take the car.
• He tried unsuccessfully to find an excuse to leave.
• The demonstration was used as an excuse to impose martial law. (martial : 전쟁의 / mars : 전쟁의 신)

 

 

 

※ determine : 

 

 

determine : 알아내다, 결정하다 (tip. 위 퍼즐이 완성되는 그림을 기억하라.)

 

1. to discover the facts about something; to calculate something exactly (= establish, ascertain)

• determine something // An inquiry was set up to determine the cause of the accident.
• Try to determine the extent of the problem.
• determine what, whether, etc… // We set out to determine exactly what happened that night.
• It is difficult to determine when drama first appeared in India.
• it is determined that… // It was determined that she had died of natural causes.

 

2. to make something happen in a particular way or be of a particular type

• determine something // Rural voters in key states will determine the outcome of the election. (rural : 시골의)
• Upbringing plays an important part in determining a person's character.
• Age and experience will be determining factors in our choice of candidate.
• determine where, whether, etc… // The physical capabilities of a plant determine where it can and cannot live.

 

(참고) determine 이 decide 와 같은 의미로 쓰일 때도 있지만 이 경우 주로 decide를 쓰고, determine 은 주로 어떤 요인이 다른 한 쪽의 결과에 영향을 미친다는 뜻으로 많이 쓰인다.

 

(예시)

decide : 나는 친구집까지 버스를 타고 가기로 결정하였다.

determine : 부모의 양육 방식이 아이의 캐릭터를 결정한다.

 

 

 

※ occasion : 

 

 

occasion : a particular time / a special event, ceremony or celebration 

(occasion 과 case 를 항상 연관지어 기억하라.)

• on an occasion on this/that occasion
• I've met him on several occasions.
• They have been seen together on two separate occasions.
• On one occasion, she called me in the middle of the night.
• Only on rare occasions do I go out socially.
• occasion when… I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health.
• He used the occasion to announce further tax cuts.
• I have stated on numerous occasions what options are open.
• Harry has mentioned this on many previous occasions.

 

• a great/memorable/happy/momentous occasion(=event)  // momentous : 중대한
• We expect you to dress for the occasion(=event).
• on the occasion of something He was presented with the watch on the occasion of his retirement.

 

• occasion for doing something It should have been an occasion for rejoicing, but she could not feel any real joy. (rejoicing : the happy celebration of something)
• These workshops provide an occasion for talking about art.
• occasion for something This is not a time for specifics, but an occasion for vision.
• Festivals were occasions for great celebration.
• I’ll speak to him about it if the occasion arises (= if I get a chance).

 

 

 

※ concern : 

 

 

concern somebody/something : 관여하다, 관계하다

: to affect somebody/something; to involve somebody/something

• Don't interfere in what doesn't concern you.
• Please pay attention because this information concerns all of you.
• The letter is for both of us, but it mainly concerns you.

 

concern something (also be concerned with something)

• The story concerns the prince's efforts to rescue Pamina.
• The book is primarily concerned with Soviet-American relations during the Cold War.
• My question concerns the way he handles the evidence.
• concern itself with something This chapter concerns itself with the historical background.

 

concern somebody : 관여시키다 (걱정시키다)

• What concerns me is our lack of preparation for the change. 
• Fair use is one issue concerning most musicians.
• it concerns somebody that… It concerns me that you no longer seem to care.
• It really concerns me that he doesn't eat properly.

 

(주의) 주어 + 동사 + 목적어를 잘 봐야 한다.  내가 걱정하는게 아니고 뭔가가 나를 걱정시키는 것이다.

 

▶ 이상의 동사 편을 살펴보면 크게 3가지 형식으로 니뉘는데... 다행히도 위 형식들이 엄격하게 지켜지고 있기 때문에 concern 을 어떻게 해석해야 할지 고민할 여지는 없는 편이다. 

 

 

 

※ involve :

 

 

involve : 안으로 말아 넣다 (포함하다, 참여시키다)

• involve something Any investment involves an element of risk.
• involve doing something The process involves using steam to sterilize the instruments. (살균하다)
• The test will involve answering questions about a photograph.
• involve somebody/something doing something The job involves me travelling all over the country.
• (formal) The job involves my travelling all over the country.

• There was a serious incident involving a group of youths.
• cases involving the care of young children
• involve somebody (in something/in doing something) We want to involve as many people as possible in the celebrations.
• involve yourself (in something) Parents should involve themselves in their child's education.

 

 

 

※ care, careful : 

 

care : 신경쓰다.

to feel that something is important and worth worrying about

• I don't care (= I will not be upset) if I never see him again!
• He threatened to fire me, as if I cared!
• care about something // She cares deeply about environmental issues.
• I don't really care about how much it costs.
• care what, whether, etc… I don't care what he thinks.
• care that… She doesn't seem to care that he's been married four times before.

 

care (about somebody) : 신경쓰다

: to like or love somebody and worry about what happens to them

• He genuinely cares about his employees.
• They care an awful lot about each other.
• It is good to know that there is someone who cares.

 

care for somebody : 1.돌보다  2.좋아하다(=like) / like 의미로 더 많이 쓰임

• She moved back home to care for her elderly parents.
• I don’t really care for spicy food.

 

take care of somebody/something/yourself : 돌보다

• Who's taking care of the children while you're away?
• She takes great care of her clothes.
• He's old enough to take care of himself.
• You should take better care of yourself.
• Don't worry about the travel arrangements. They're all being taken care of.
• Celia takes care of the marketing side of things.
• medical care, patient care
• skin/hair care products

 

look after : 돌보다

• We’ve asked my mother to (take care of / ​look after) the kids while we’re away.
• You can borrow my camera if you promise to (take care of / ​look after) it.

 

 

 

※ genuine :  

 

 

genuine : real, not artificial (진짜의, 인공이 아닌) // (gen =birth)

• Is the painting a genuine Picasso?
• The document is not considered genuine.

 

 

 

※ authentic :

 

 

authentic : real, not a copy (진짜의, 진품의)  // (auth, auto = self)

• I don't know if the painting is authentic.

 

 

 

※ authenticate :

 

 

authenticate : 진짜임을 증명하다  // (auth, auto = self) 요즘 인터넷 하면 자주 보는 단어

• authenticate something The letter has been authenticated by handwriting experts.
• authenticate something as something Experts have authenticated the writing as that of Byron himself.
• Experts authenticated the painting.
• The signature has been authenticated.
• authentication of the documents