051 : Auxiliary verbs (have/do/can etc.) I think so / I hope so etc.

   A   

In each of these sentences there is an auxiliary verb and a main verb:

 

I	have	lost	my keys.
She	can't	come	to the party.
The hotel	was	built	ten years ago.
Where	do you	live?

 

In these examples have/can't/was/do are auxiliary (= helping) verbs.

 

 

You can use an auxiliary verb when you don't want to repeat something:

• 'Have you locked the door?'  'Yes, I have.' (= I have locked the door)
• Gary wasn't working, but Laura was. (= Laura was working)
• Jessica could lend me the money, but she won't. (= she won't lend me the money)

Use do/does/did for the present and past simple:

• 'Do you like onions?'  'Yes, I do.' (= I like onions)
• 'Does Simon live in London?'  'He did, but he doesn't any more.'

You can use auxiliary verbs to deny what somebody says (= say it is not true):

• 'You're sitting in my place.'  'No, I'm not.' (= I'm not sitting in your place)
• 'You didn't lock the door before you left.'  'Yes, I did.' (= I locked the door)

 

 

   B   

We use have you? / isn't she? / do they? etc. to show interest in what somebody has said, or to show surprise:

• 'I've just seen Stephen.'  'Oh, have you? How is he?'
• 'Lisa isn't very well today.'  'Oh, isn't she? What's wrong with her?'
• 'It rained every day during our holiday.'  'Did it? What a shame!'
• 'James and Tanya are getting married.'  'Are they? Really?'

 

 

   C   

We use auxiliary verbs with so and neither:

• 'I'm tired.' 'So am I.' (= I'm tired too)
• 'I never read newspapers.' 'Neither do I.' (= I never read newspapers either)
• Sarah hasn't got a car and neither has Mark.

 

Note the word order after so and neither (verb before subject):

• I passed the exam and so did Paul. (not so Paul did)

 

Instead of neither, you can use nor. You can also use not ... either:

• 'I don't know.' 'Neither do I.'  or  'Nor do I.'  or  'I don't either.'

 

 

   D   

I think so / I hope so etc.

 

 

After some verbs we use so when we don't want to repeat something:

• 'Are those people Korean?'  'I think so.' (= I think they are Korean)
• 'Will you be at home this evening?'  'I expect so.' (= I expect I'll be at home ... )
• 'Do you think Kate has been invited to the party?'  'I suppose so.'

 

In the same way we say: I hope so, I guess so and I'm afraid so.

 

 

The usual negative forms are:

 

I think so / I expect so	→	I don't think so / I don't expect so
I hope so / I'm afraid so / I guess so	→	I hope not / I'm afraid not / I guess not
I suppose so	→	I don't suppose so  or  I suppose not

• 'Is that woman American?'  'I think so. / I don't think so.'
• 'Do you think it will rain ?'  'I hope so. / I hope not.' (not I don't hope so)

 

 

 

 

 (American English -> Appendix 7) 

 

51B

British speakers generally use Have you? / Isn't she? etc. : A: Lisa isn't very well today. B: Isn't she? What's wrong with her?

American speakers generally use You have? / She isn't? etc. : A: Lisa isn't very well today. B: She isn't? What's wrong with her?

 

 

 

※ auxiliary verb :

 

An auxiliary verb helps the main verbs and is also called a helping verb.

That action happened in the past or is happening in the present or will happen in the future.

 

 

 

※ a shame, shame, ashamed :

 

a shame ≠ shame

 

a shame :  (ex.)

• What a shame they couldn't come.
• What a shame that they lost the game.
• It's a shame that you'll miss the show.

 

shame :  (ex.)

• He felt shame for his lies.
• His face burned with shame.
• How could you be so rude? Have you no shame?
• The king preferred death to the shame of defeat.

 

ashamed : feeling shame about somebody/something

• ashamed of something She was deeply ashamed of her behaviour at the party.
• Mental illness is nothing to be ashamed of.
• We must stop being afraid or ashamed of what we are.
• ashamed of somebody His daughter looked such a mess that he was ashamed of her.
• ashamed of yourself You should be ashamed of yourself for telling such lies.
• You ought to be thoroughly ashamed of yourselves. (thoroughly /ˈθɜːrəli/ 철저하게)  (thorough /ˈθɜːrəʊ/ 철저한)
• ashamed that… I feel almost ashamed that I've been so lucky.
• ashamed to be something The football riots made me ashamed to be English. (riot : 폭동)
• You act as if you’re ashamed to be seen with me.

 

ashamed to do something

• I'm ashamed to say that I lied to her.
• I cried at the end and I'm not ashamed to admit it.
• He felt ashamed to let her see him in this state.