1.1
Regular verbs
If a verb is regular, the past simple and past participle end in -ed. For example:
infinitive | clean | finish | use | paint | stop | carry |
past simple | cleaned | finished | used | painted | stopped | carry |
past participle | ||||||
For spelling rules, see Appendix 6. |
For the past simple (I cleaned / they finished / she carried etc.), see Unit 5.
We use the past participle to make the perfect tenses and all the passive forms.
Perfect tenses (have/has/had cleaned):
- I have cleaned the windows. (present perfect - see Units 7 - 8)
- They were still working. They hadn't finished. (past perfect - see Unit 15)
Passive (is cleaned / was cleaned etc.):
- He was carried out of the room. (past simple passive - see Units 42 - 44)
- This gate has just been painted. (present perfect passive - see Units 42 - 44)
1.2
Irregular verbs
When the past simple and past participle do not end in -ed (for example, I saw / I have seen), the verb is irregular.
With some irregular verbs, all three forms (infinitive, past simple and past participle) are the same.
For example, hit:
- Don't hit me. (infinitive)
- Somebody hit me as I came into the room. (past simple)
- I've never hit anybody in my life. (past participle - present perfect)
- George was hit on the head by a stone. (past participle - passive)
With other irregular verbs, the past simple is the same as the past participle (but different from the infinitive). For example, tell → told :
- Can you tell me what to do? (infinitive)
- She told me to come back the next day. (past simple)
- Have you told any body about your new job? (past participle - present perfect)
- I was told to come back the next day. (past participle - passive)
With other irregular verbs, all three forms are different. For example, wake → woke/woken:
- I'll wake you up. (infinitive)
- I woke up in the middle of the night. (past simple)
- The baby has woken up. (past participle - present perfect)
- I was woken up by a loud noise. (past participle - passive)
1.3
The following verbs can be regular or irregular:
burn → burned or burnt |
dream → dreamed or dreamt [dremt]* |
lean → leaned or leant [lent]* |
learn → learned or learnt |
smell → smelled or smelt |
spell → spelled or spelt |
spill → spilled or spilt |
spoil → spoiled or spoilt |
* pronunciation
So you can say:
- I leant out of the window. or I leaned out of the window.
- The dinner has been spoiled. or The dinner has been spoilt.
In British English the irregular form (burnt/learnt etc.) is more usual. For American English, see Appendix 7.
AMERICAN The verbs in this section are normally regular (burned, spelled etc.). |
1.4
List of irregular verbs
infinitive | past simple | past participle |
be | was/were | been |
beat | beat | beaten |
become | became | become |
begin | began | begun |
bend | bent | bent |
bet | bet | bet |
bite | bit | bitten |
blow | blew | blown |
break | broke | broken |
bring | brought | brought |
broadcast | broadcast | broadcast |
build | built | built |
burst | burst | burst |
buy | bought | bought |
catch | caught | caught |
choose | chose | chosen |
come | came | come |
cost | cost | cost |
creep | crept | crept |
cut | cut | cut |
deal | dealt | dealt |
dig | dug | dug |
do | did | done |
draw | drew | drawn |
drink | drank | drunk |
drive | drove | driven |
eat | ate | eaten |
fall | fell | fallen |
feed | fed | fed |
feel | felt | felt |
fight | fought | fought |
find | found | found |
flee | fled | fled |
fly | flew | flown |
forbid | forbade | forbidden |
forget | forgot | forgotten |
forgive | forgave | forgiven |
freeze | froze | frozen |
get | got | got/gotten |
give | gave | given |
go | went | gone |
grow | grew | grown |
hang | hung | hung |
have | had | had |
hear | heard | heard |
hide | hid | hidden |
hit | hit | hit |
hold | held | held |
hurt | hurt | hurt |
keep | kept | kept |
kneel | knelt | knelt |
know | knew | known |
lay | laid | laid |
lead | led | led |
leave | left | left |
lend | lent | lent |
let | let | let |
lie | lay | lain |
light | lit | lit |
lose | lost | lost |
make | made | made |
mean | meant | meant |
meet | met | met |
pay | paid | paid |
put | put | put |
read | read [red]* | read [red]* |
ride | rode | ridden |
ring | rang | rung |
rise | rose | risen |
run | ran | run |
say | said | said |
see | saw | seen |
seek | sought | sought |
sell | sold | sold |
send | sent | sent |
set | set | set |
sew | sewed | sewn/sewed |
shake | shook | shaken |
shine | shone | shone |
shoot | shot | shot |
show | showed | shown/showed |
shrink | shrank | shrunk |
shut | shut | shut |
sing | sang | sung |
sink | sank | sunk |
sit | sat | sat |
sleep | slept | slept |
slide | slid | slid |
speak | spoke | spoken |
spend | spent | spent |
spit | spat | spat |
split | split | split |
spread | spread | spread |
spring | sprang | sprung |
stand | stood | stood |
steal | stole | stolen |
stick | stuck | stuck |
sting | stung | stung |
stink | stank | stunk |
strike | struck | struck |
swear | swore | sworn |
sweep | swept | swept |
swim | swam | swum |
swing | swung | swung |
take | took | taken |
teach | taught | taught |
tear | tore | torn |
tell | told | told |
think | thought | thought |
throw | threw | thrown |
understand | understood | understood |
wake | woke | woken |
wear | wore | worn |
weep | wept | wept |
win | won | won |
write | wrote | written |
* pronunciation
The past participle of get is got:
|
AMERICAN The past participle of get is gotten:
|
'English Grammar in Use > Unit' 카테고리의 다른 글
Appendix 3 : The future (0) | 2021.11.22 |
---|---|
Appendix 2 : Present and past tenses (0) | 2021.11.22 |
145 : Phrasal verbs 9 away/back (0) | 2021.11.22 |
144 : Phrasal verbs 8 up (2) (0) | 2021.11.22 |
143 : Phrasal verbs 7 up (1) (0) | 2021.11.22 |