101 : Adjectives and adverbs 2 (well, fast, late, hard/hardly)

   A   

Good/well

 

Good is an adjective. The adverb is well:

• Your English is good. but  You speak English well.
• Susan is a good pianist. but  Susan plays the piano well.

 

We use well (not good) with past participles (dressed/known etc.):

well-dressed, well-known, well-educated, well-paid

• Gary's father is a well-known writer.

 

But well is also an adjective with the meaning 'in good health':

• 'How are you today?'   'I'm very well, thanks.'

 

 

   B   

Fast/hard/late

 

These words are both adjectives and adverbs:

adjective	adverb
Darren is a very fast runner.	Darren can run very fast.
Kate is a hard worker.	Kate works hard. (not works hardly)
I was late.	I got up late this morning.

 

Lately = recently:

• Have you seen Tom lately?

 

 

   C   

Hardly

 

Hardly = very little, almost not. Study these examples:

• Sarah wasn't very friendly at the party. She hardly spoke to me.
  (= she spoke to me very little, almost not at all)
• We've only met once or twice. We hardly know each other.

 

Hard and hardly are different. Compare:

• He tried hard to find a job, but he had no luck. (= he tried a lot, with a lot of effort)
• I'm not surprised he didn't find a job. He hardly tried. (= he tried very little)

 

I can hardly do something = it's very difficult for me, almost impossible:

• Your writing is terrible. I can hardly read it. (= it is almost impossible to read it)
• My leg was hurting. I could hardly walk.

 

 

   D   

You can use hardly + any/anybody/anyone/anything/anywhere:

• A: How much money have we got?
  B: Hardly any. (= very little, almost none)
• These two cameras are very similar. There's hardly any difference between them.
• The exam results were very bad. Hardly anybody in our class passed. (= very few students passed)

 

Note that you can say:

• She said hardly anything. or She hardly said anything.
• We've got hardly any money. or We've hardly got any money.

 

Hardly ever = almost never:

• I'm nearly always at home in the evenings. I hardly ever go out.

 

Hardly also means 'certainly not'. For example:

• It's hardly surprising that you're tired. You haven't slept for three days.
  (= it's certainly not surprising)
• The situation is serious, but it's hardly a crisis. (= it's certainly not a crisis)

 

 

 

※ certain :   // (참고) ascertain (v.)

 

 

certain :

 

1. 뚜렷한(또렷한)

• I think it was him, but I can't be certain.
• certain (that)… // She wasn’t certain (that) he had seen her.
• certain about something // Are you absolutely certain about this?
• certain of something // I am not certain of the precise date.
• certain who/where, etc… //I'm not certain who was there.
• The climbers face certain death if the rescue today is unsuccessful.
• it is certain (that)… // It is certain that they will agree.
• certain to do something

// She looks certain to win an Oscar.

// He seemed certain to be defeated in the election.

// They are certain to agree.

• certain of something/of doing something

// If you want to be certain of getting a ticket, book now.

 

 

2. 특정한(어떤)

• For certain personal reasons I shall not be able to attend.
• Certain people might disagree with this.
• This car appeals to a certain type of driver.
• You can choose to only watch certain kinds of movies.
• They refused to release their hostages unless certain conditions were met.
• The president can under certain circumstances dissolve parliament.

 

3. 일부, 약간 (전부가 아닌)

• That's true, to a certain extent.
• I experienced a certain amount of relief.
• I felt there was a certain coldness in her manner.

 

 

 

※ precise :

 

• precise details/instructions/measurements
• Can you give a more precise definition of the word?
• I can be reasonably precise about the time of the incident.

• We were just talking about her when, at that precise moment, she walked in.
• Doctors found it hard to establish the precise nature of her illness.
• a skilled and precise worker
• small, precise movements
• We've tried to make the process as precise as possible.

 

 

 

※ concise :

 

• a concise summary/definition
• She gave us clear and concise instructions.

 

 

 

※ decide :

 

 

 

 

※ extent :

 

• It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.
• She was exaggerating the true extent of the problem.
• They have launched an investigation to determine the extent of police misconduct in this case.
• We don't know the extent of his injuries at this point.
• I was amazed at the extent of his knowledge.
• You can't see the full extent of the beach from here.
• in extent The island is 300 square kilometres in extent.

 

to… extent

• To a certain extent, we are all responsible for this tragic situation.
• He had changed to such an extent (= so much) that I no longer recognized him.
• To some extent what she argues is true.
• The pollution of the forest has seriously affected plant life and, to a lesser extent, wildlife.

 

 

 

※ extend :

 

 

extend : 뻗다 (늘이다, 확장하다)

• to extend a fence/road/house
• There are plans to extend the children's play area.
• to extend a deadline/visa
• Careful maintenance can extend the life of your car.
• The show has been extended for another six weeks.
• Contracts were gradually extended from the initial single year.
• The school is extending the range of subjects taught.
• The service will soon be extended to other areas of the UK.
• He extended his hand to (= offered to shake hands with) the new employee.

 

 

 

※ expand :

 

expand : 확대하다 (팽창하다)

 

 

 

※ assess : 

 

 

assess : 산정하다. (수치화 하여 결정하는 느낌)

 

: to make a judgement about the nature or quality of somebody/something

• assess somebody/something Accurately assessing environmental impacts is very complex.
• It's difficult to assess the effects of these changes.
• It is difficult to assess the full extent of the damage.
• to assess a patient’s needs
• Interviews allow you to assess the suitability of candidates.
• She engaged a safety consultant to assess the risks.
• Quality of life was assessed using a questionnaire.
• assess somebody/something as something The young men were assessed as either safe or unsafe drivers.
• I'd assess your chances as low.
• assess whether, how, etc… The committee assesses whether a building is worth preserving. (preserve : 보존하다.)
• We are trying to assess how well the system works.

 

 

 

※ evaluate : 

 

 

evaluate : 평가하다.

 

: to form an opinion of the amount, value or quality of something after thinking about it carefully

• evaluate something The trial will evaluate the effectiveness of the different drugs.
• Researchers evaluated teaching performance by comparing students' exam results.
• evaluate how, whether, etc… The study will critically evaluate whether this technology is useful.
• We need to evaluate how well the policy is working.
• evaluate somebody/something for something The cheeses are evaluated for flavour, texture and colour.
• evaluate somebody/something on something Candidates are evaluated on their ability to think independently.

 

 

 

※ estimate : 

 

 

estimate : 추산하다 (어림잡다)

 

: to form an idea of the cost, size, value etc. of something, but without calculating it exactly

• estimate something // to estimate the cost/value/number of something
• The satellite will cost an estimated £400 million.
• estimate something at something // Police estimate the crowd at 30,000.
• estimate something from something // All variables can be estimated from the data.
• estimate something as something // The number of breeding pairs was estimated as the number of pairs building nests.
• estimate something to do something // The deal is estimated to be worth around $1.5 million.
• estimate (that)… // We estimated (that) it would cost about €5 000.
• it is estimated (that)… // It is estimated (that) the project will last four years.
• estimate how many, large, etc… // It is hard to estimate how many children have dyslexia.(난독증)

 

 

 

※ assess, evaluate, estimate : 

 

 

내가 볼 때,

evaluate 는 어떤 기준을 충족하는지 여부(평가), 혹은 대략적인 등급을 매기기 위해 쓰는 표현인 듯하고...

assess 의 경우에는 역시 평가 개념이 들어가긴 하지만, 보다 세분화하여 수치화 하는 느낌이 강하며...

estimate 의 경우, 평가 개념이라기보다는 어떤 것을 단순히 수치화 하는 느낌이 강하다.

 

경우에 따라, assess 를 evaluate 혹은 estiamte 로 바꿔써도 의미가 통하는 경우가 종종 있지만, evaluate 와 estimate 는 서로 대체 불가능해 보인다. 

 

 

 

※ tragedy, tragic :